Here is one of my assignments that I upload to compare the sentence structure between French and German language. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Language and Linguistics The History of French Language The History of German Language DISCUSSIONS Part of Speech The Comparative Studies Between French and German Language The Differences of Alphabet’s Pronunciation The Differences of Articles, Demonstratives, and Personal Pronouns The Differences of Regular Verbs and Interrogatives Sentence Structure The Differences of Sentence Structure in French and German Positive Sentence Negative Sentence Interrogative Sentence Imperative or Commands SUMMARY REFERENCES
Lingustics is the scientific study of language. In summary, linguistics study the knowledge systems of every aspect related to the language. The main purpose of the study of Linguistics in an academic environment is the advancement of knowledge. The part of linguistics that is concerned with the structure of language is divided into a number of subfields: >> Phonetics - the study of speech sounds in their physical aspects >> Phonology - the study of speech sounds in their cognitive aspects >> Morphology - the study of the formation of words >> Syntax - the study of the formation of sentences >> Semantics - the study of meaning >> Pragmatics - the study of language use
By the 9th cent. the language spoken in what is now France was sufficiently different from Latin to be a distinct language. It is called Old French and was current from the 9th to the 13th cent. The earliest extant text in Old French is the Oaths of Strasbourg, dated 842. Of the various dialects of Old French, Francien (the north-central dialect spoken in Paris and the region around it) in time became the standard form of the language because of the increasing political and cultural importance of Paris. French from the 14th through the 16th cent. is known as Middle French. During this period many words and expressions were borrowed from Latin, Greek, and Italian, and a group of French poets, the Pléiade (see under Pleiad), encouraged the French to develop and improve their language and literature. The modern period of French began in the 17th cent. Standardization of the French language has been aided in modern times by more widespread education and by the mass media.
The history of the German Language starts from The Middle Saxon language, which is an ancestor of the modern Low Saxon. It was spoken from about 1100 to 1500, splitting into West Low Saxon and East Low Saxon. During the 18th cent. a number of outstanding writers gave modern standard German essentially the form it has today. It is now the language of church and state, education and literature. A corresponding norm for spoken High German, influenced by the written standard, is used in education, the theater, and broadcasting. In 1901, this was declared the standard definition of the German language. Standard German orthography subsequently went essentially unrevised until 1998, when the German spelling reform of 1996 was officially promulgated by governmental representatives of Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland. Since the reform, German spelling has been in an eight-year transitional period where the reformed spelling is taught in most schools, while traditional and reformed spelling co-exist in the media.
Meanwhile in French, the part of speech consists of:
A sentence in French (une phrase) has similar definition like English, is a group of words including at minimum a subject and a verb, and may also include any or all of the parts of speech. Sentences can be separated into a subject (un sujet), which may be stated or implied, and a predicate (un prédicat). The subject is the person or thing performing the action, and the predicate is the rest of the sentence, which usually begins with the verb. French has four types of sentences: statements, exclamatives, interrogatives, and commands. Statements, the most common type of sentence to state something. Exclamatives express a strong reaction such as surprise or indignation. Interrogatives, more commonly known as questions, ask for or about something. Commands are the only kind of sentence without an explicit subject; instead, the subject is implied by the conjugation of the verb, which is in the imperative The Differences of Sentence Structure in French and German Positive Sentence (see on the preview file below) Negative Sentence (see on the preview file below) Interrogative Sentence (see on the preview file below) Imperative or Commands (see on the preview file below)
In positive sentences, German is more flexible to form its sentence because there are possibilities to change the position of part of speech. Eventhough it’s just a basic sentence but German really can change the position part of speech in a sentence. In expert cases it can be more flexible yet complex to understand. In French, there is a pattern that should be followed. In negative sentences, while in French just need to put the verb inbetween ne...pas to indicate negation about the action, the German language has nicht and kein. The usage of nicht and kein is different, and the ending of kein should match the endings of the possessive articles. The construction of interrogative sentences in French language has more variation than German language. There are three methods to ask something in French whereas in basic German language, the question word like who (wer), whom/who (wem / wen), what (was), etc., is commonly put in the first sentence. In imperative sentences, German sentences must be inserted exclamation point and in French requires a hyphen between command and object. These are just basic constructions comparing French and German language. These are simply the basic or simple sentences in German and French language. Similar to English language, German and French other types of sentences will be more complex to arrange. At expert level, these constructions may have more variation that can be formed. SOURCES:
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【増原 紀花】 / Norika R. Masuhara
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Author 増原 紀花増原 紀花 is my real name. Nick: Yuu / Ara, it goes the same with Rui. Archives
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